Nutrition

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1. A student investigates the effect of light on a potted plant by placing it in a dark cupboard for 48 hours. After this period, the plant is exposed to light, but its leaves have turned yellowish-green. Which of the following best explains the immediate limitation on the plant’s ability to perform photosynthesis efficiently?

   1. A The plant has exhausted its internal supply of carbon dioxide
   2. B The roots have stopped absorbing water due to the darkness
   3. C The stomata have permanently closed and cannot reopen
   4. D Insufficient chlorophyll content to absorb light energy

2. A patient presents with swollen joints and bleeding gums. A dietitian reviews the patient’s meal plan and finds it consists largely of refined carbohydrates and fats, with very little fresh fruit or vegetables. Which specific nutrient deficiency is most likely responsible for these symptoms, and what is the correct food class associated with this nutrient?

   1. A Protein deficiency; Proteins
   2. B Vitamin C deficiency; Vitamins
   3. C Vitamin D deficiency; Vitamins
   4. D Iron deficiency; Minerals

3. In the digestion of a meal containing starch, protein, and fats, three different enzymes are required to break down these macromolecules into their respective end products. Which of the following correctly matches the enzyme, the substrate it acts on, and the final end product absorbed by the body?

   1. A Amylase acts on starch to produce fatty acids and glycerol
   2. B Lipase acts on proteins to produce glucose
   3. C Pepsin acts on fats to produce glycerol
   4. D Lipase acts on fats to produce fatty acids and glycerol

4. A student is investigating the nutritional mode of a fungus growing on a decaying mango fruit. Which of the following best describes this mode of nutrition?

   1. A Holozoic
   2. B Parasitic
   3. C Carnivorous
   4. D Saprophytic

5. In the context of plant nutrition, which statement correctly distinguishes between the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis?

   1. A Dark reactions require light to split water molecules.
   2. B Light reactions occur in the stroma and produce glucose directly.
   3. C Light reactions produce ATP and NADPH, while dark reactions use these to fix CO2 into glucose.
   4. D Dark reactions produce oxygen as a by-product.

6. A student investigates the effect of light on a potted plant by covering one leaf with black paper for 24 hours. After removing the cover, the covered part of the leaf turns brown when tested with iodine solution, while the exposed part turns blue-black. Which statement best explains this observation?

   1. A Light is required for the synthesis of starch in the leaf.
   2. B The black paper blocked the entry of carbon dioxide to the leaf.
   3. C The covered leaf lost its chlorophyll due to lack of light.
   4. D The iodine solution reacted with the black paper to form a brown precipitate.

8. A soil sample from a farm in Ibadan is found to be deficient in nitrogen. Which of the following symptoms would most likely be observed in the maize plants growing in this soil?

   1. A Purple or reddish discoloration of the leaves.
   2. B Browning and scorching of the leaf margins.
   3. C Yellowing of the older leaves (chlorosis).
   4. D Stunted growth with dark green, thick leaves.

9. A farmer in Ogun State notices that the leaves of his maize crop are turning yellow between the veins, while the veins themselves remain green. Which mineral deficiency is most likely responsible for this symptom?

   1. A Nitrogen
   2. B Potassium
   3. C Phosphorus
   4. D Magnesium

10. In the process of photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast. Which of the following sets of substances is directly produced by these light reactions to drive the subsequent dark reactions (Calvin cycle)?

    1. A Glucose and oxygen
    2. B ATP and NADPH
    3. C Carbon dioxide and water
    4. D Chlorophyll and ATP

11. A student performs a biuret test on a sample of ground beans and observes a violet colour. She then treats the sample with pepsin and hydrochloric acid, simulating stomach conditions. Which of the following best describes the expected outcome after sufficient time has passed?

    1. A The proteins are converted into glucose
    2. B The proteins are unchanged as pepsin works in alkaline conditions
    3. C The proteins are converted directly into amino acids
    4. D The proteins are hydrolysed into peptides

12. A student is investigating the factors required for photosynthesis. In one setup, a leaf is covered with a black paper clip to block light, while another leaf is exposed to light. Both leaves are then tested for starch using iodine solution. Which outcome best explains the role of light in this process?

    1. A Both leaves turn blue-black because chlorophyll can store light energy for later use even in darkness.
    2. B The covered leaf turns blue-black because the dark reactions do not require light, while the exposed leaf remains brownish-yellow due to photoinhibition.
    3. C Both leaves remain brownish-yellow because iodine solution is not a valid test for starch in living plant tissues.
    4. D The leaf exposed to light turns blue-black, while the covered leaf remains brownish-yellow, indicating starch is only produced in the presence of light.

13. A farmer in Ogun State notices that his maize plants have yellowing leaves starting from the tips and moving downwards, while his cassava plants show stunted growth and purple discoloration on the stems. Based on these symptoms, which nutrient deficiencies are most likely affecting the maize and cassava respectively?

    1. A Phosphorus deficiency in maize and Nitrogen deficiency in cassava.
    2. B Potassium deficiency in maize and Nitrogen deficiency in cassava.
    3. C Nitrogen deficiency in maize and Potassium deficiency in cassava.
    4. D Nitrogen deficiency in maize and Phosphorus deficiency in cassava.

15. A student performs a food test on a sample of groundnut paste. The sample turns blue-black when iodine solution is added, and turns brick-red when heated with Benedict’s solution. Which conclusion can be drawn about the composition of the groundnut paste?

    1. A The paste contains protein and starch, but no reducing sugars.
    2. B The paste contains fats and reducing sugars, but no starch.
    3. C The paste contains only starch, as the brick-red colour is due to the reaction of iodine with fats.
    4. D The paste contains both starch and reducing sugars.

16. A patient in Lagos presents with swollen gums, bleeding, and slow wound healing. A dietitian suspects a deficiency in a specific vitamin. Which of the following foods would be most appropriate to include in the patient’s diet to treat this condition?

    1. A C
    2. B A
    3. C B
    4. D D

17. In the mammalian alimentary canal, the digestion of proteins begins in the stomach and is completed in the small intestine. Which pair of enzymes is correctly associated with the breakdown of proteins into amino acids?

    1. A Pepsin and trypsin
    2. B Amylase and maltase
    3. C Lipase and bile salts
    4. D Pepsin and amylase

18. A farmer in Kaduna observes that his maize plants have yellowing leaves and stunted growth. He suspects a mineral deficiency. If the deficiency is specifically due to a lack of nitrogen, which of the following symptoms would be most characteristic of the older leaves?

    1. A Chlorosis (yellowing) appearing first in the older leaves
    2. B Necrosis (blackening) appearing first in the youngest leaves
    3. C Purple discoloration of the stems and older leaves
    4. D Interveinal chlorosis appearing first in the youngest leaves

19. A patient presents with swollen joints and bleeding gums. A dietary analysis reveals a lack of fresh fruits and vegetables. Which vitamin is deficient, and what is the specific physiological role of this vitamin that has been compromised?

    1. A C
    2. B A
    3. C B
    4. D D

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